The Best Wedding Photographers in Warm Springs, GA

The Best Wedding Photographers in Warm Springs, GA

How do we sort results, including Sponsored Ads and personalized results?


504 Wedding Photographers in Warm Springs, GA

Quick responder
QCMedia (LGBTQ+ owned) 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $500
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

I and my team are nothing if not purposeful about our work. With every wedding we capture we commit ourselves to encapsulating the story of your wedding day and everyone celebrating it. With a cinema background we aim for each photo to tell as much of a story as a movie would. Staying non-intrusive, flexible, and budget friendly is how we continue to bring even more joy to the memories of one of, if not the, best day of your life.

Awarded Best of Zola
Quinton did an excellent job photographing and streaming our wedding ceremony. He was able to completely capture everything from my wife getting ready to our send off and honestly I forgot he was even there half the time! I would and have recommended him to others.
Derwin, a year ago
Quick responder
PTP357 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $2,200
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

Mr. Cedric D. McCray is a Veteran of the United States Army, Director of Photography for POSE Magazine ATL, Lead Photographer for VEU Magazine-Visionaries & Entrepreneurs United, Media Consultant for Kolorful Kreation Art & Fashion, LLC-GA, Director of Dekalb Hornets Baseball League - Inc, PTP357 Studio, LLC

Awarded Best of Zola
We call on Cedric whenever we are having an event in the Georgia area or when we know that he's going to be in town. Looking forward to working with you again.
CSJB Events, 3 years ago
Quick responder
Hard Knot Life Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,000
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

Capturing love in its most genuine form, I specialize in natural light and candid wedding photography. With 10 years of experience behind the lens and a renewed passion for weddings and engagements after my own big day. I bring a fun, positive presence to your special moments. Based in Smyrna, GA, I’m happy to travel (for a fee) to make your wedding memories timeless. I’m dedicated to going above and beyond to get the perfect shot, ensuring every moment feels as real as it is unforgettable.

Working with Tiffany on our engagement shoot was such an amazing experience. She did a great job of making me and my fiancé feel comfortable behind the camera. I can be a little camera shy, but with her help, I found beauty in myself that I didn’t even know was there. We loved every single picture that she captured and had so many to choose from in the end. I would recommend her a thousand times over!
Sharif M., 3 months ago
Quick responder
Pluvia Studios 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

Pluvia Studios is a wedding photography and videography company that is passionate about strong story-telling. We extract the best elements for our couples and curate an unforgettable viewing experience. Contact us directly to customize your desired wedding photo and/or video package.

Awarded Best of Zola
Best vendor for our wedding! I'm really glad to have found them!
Stacy G., 3 months ago
mayacphotography 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $2,800
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA
  • Offer

I love shooting all things weddings & engagements. While my work could be describes as candid, dreamy, and light edits, I cater my editing style to your needs. I am young and energetic, and will always be there for you!

Maya and Heather were absolutely perfect for mine and my husband’s day. They made us comfortable and we were able to be our true selves with each of them. They also surprised us with a little booklet of snapshots they captured throughout the day and it was amazing. They’re fun, energetic, open, honest and really put a lot of thought and time into their work. I canning recommend them enough! Thank you both for capturing our forever moments of our wedding
Brandi J., 19 days ago
TrendlineTrending
Prest1ge Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,800
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

Ever since I can remember, I've been captivated by the power of a single moment to tell a whole story. As a wedding photographer, I get to capture those fleeting, special moments that make each couple's love story unique. With over 4 + years of experience, I blend artistry with technical skill to create images that are not only beautiful but deeply meaningful.

Caleb captured so many great moments from our wedding day! He helped the day to run smoothly, was easy to work with throughout the day, and went out of his way to get the shots we were hoping for! We are so excited to have his photos to look back on and cherish for years to come!
Heidi S., 5 months ago
Gee Q. Photos 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $3,500
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

My photography business is built on the foundation of capturing life’s most meaningful moments with authenticity and creativity. Specializing in weddings, events, & portraits, I provide a personalized approach to each client, ensuring their vision is at the heart of every session. I pride myself on delivering high-quality images that not only document the occasion but also evoke the emotions and memories tied to it. With a focus on professionalism, attention to detail, & creating a comfortable environment, my goal is to make every shoot a seamless & enjoyable experience, resulting in timeless photos that clients can cherish for years to come.

Our photographer paid attention to every little detail, from the lighting to the candid moments. They made us feel so comfortable throughout the day, and the photos turned out better than we could have ever imagined.
Erica, 7 months ago
GemHidden gem
Jason Snorlax Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $3,500
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

Jason "Snorlax" Cun is an all around photographer that currently resides in Los Angeles, California. He was raised in the heart of Los Angeles, where he found his calling in photography. He aims to capture the beauty of the world and the people in them. He has recently begun his travels around the U.S capturing the life of those within that city.

Jason was the best! My husband and I would not have wanted anyone else to capture our special day. He did our engagement and wedding photos and our photos came out incredible! Jason is professional, friendly, and his outgoing personality makes the shoot so comfortable and enjoyable. During our wedding, he also went above and beyond by making sure to take care of us. He knows the ups and downs of a wedding, so he would make sure we were okay by reminding us to stay hydrated and to eat, he would be so great communicating the schedule for the day, and what to expect and what to do throughout the photoshoot. So grateful for his expertise and we totally recommend him to anyone looking for a photographer.
Joestine O., 3 years ago
GemHidden gem
Kanella Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

I am a traveling Photographer inspired to document memories & emotions in weddings. My photographic style may be classic, yet it is still artistic. Its important to me to photograph your wedding day as special as you have always wanted it to be. As a photographer with over 9 years of experience, my goal is to provide you with eye-catching images that truly portray the love shared between a couple or your personality. Getting married out of state? No problem! I am based out of the metro Atlanta area and service all of Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, South Carolina, North Carolina, Alabama and all other states.

Kanella was an amazing person to work with! She was full of beautiful and fun ideas and welcomes any ones you happen to find from Pinterest or friend’s photos. She has beautiful locations and is easy to work with for scheduling a time and place. The quality and quantity of photos you receive is so so good! Most wedding albums typically have an average of 600 photos. Kanella delivered over 1000 photos from our wedding day! I am still in love with every single one!
Lindsey V., 4 years ago
GemHidden gem
Birds on A Wire Photography 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $2,000
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

In business for over 14 years, I have found the passion of my soul: people. And capturing their special memories for them. I love celebrating with you, for you and not just now, but for the rest of time. I love my couples and I make your time with me easy like Sunday morning.

Awarded Best of Zola
From the moment we first reached out to Birds on a Wire Photography, we were blown away by their fast, efficient, and effortlessly easy communication style. Crystal and her team were an absolute pleasure to work with, and their passion for their craft was evident in the wonderful, fun, and affordable photos they delivered. Crystal quickly became one of our very good friends - she is so sweet and takes so much pride in her work, making the entire photography process feel magical. We cannot recommend Birds on a Wire Photography highly enough for any couple looking for a talented, professional, and personable photography team to capture their special day.
Sloane A., 7 months ago
GemHidden gem
Classic City Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $1,500
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

Hey there! My name is Krista and I am a wedding photographer specializing in true to color documentary style photography. I want to capture your day and your memories in an authentic way so that it will feel like you are stepping back in time every time you see your wedding photos!

Krista went above and beyond to make our wedding the smoothest, most beautiful day! Words can’t describe how grateful I am that she was our photographer. She was more like a family friend by the end of it all.
Teale, a year ago
GemHidden gem
Amber Victoria Photography 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $4,500
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

Amber’s ability to capture the honest, meaningful and organic emotions of the day makes her one of the most sought after wedding photographers. She has spent years crafting a unique one of a kind experience for her clients with a combination of digital and film images. Her signature photography style is best described as chic, timeless and natural. She believes a wedding day should be documented through the eyes and heart of her clients, capturing the fleeting moments that they never want to forget.

To say I am obsessed with our wedding photos would be an understatement. Amber truly surpassed all of my expectations and I could not be more thankful for all of her guidance. Amber made the entire photography experience feel extremely natural and un scripted. I honestly couldn’t believe how amazing my husband and I looked in our photos. I’ve never loved photos of myself and I was blown away! I highly recommend Amber to everyone looking for an incredible wedding photographer
Robert&Anna B., a year ago
TrendlineTrending
Ashley Nicole Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA
  • Offer

Hey Y'all! I'm Ashley! I've been doing photography for over 10 years now! I have a passion for weddings! I truly love my job and getting to capture your love story! A little about me, I'm a mom of 2, an iced coffee addict who loves to travel!

Awarded Best of Zola
Ashley Nicole Photography was a fantastic choice for our wedding photography. From the start, their communication was thorough and detailed, helping us plan out our timeline to ensure we captured all the key moments of the day. On the wedding day, Ashley was amazing to work with - she was with us from our engagement shoot through to the end of the reception, seamlessly capturing all the big and intimate moments. Her work is truly detail-oriented, and she has an incredible eye for the unique and beautiful. The final photos exceeded our expectations, and we're so grateful to have such stunning memories of our special day. We highly recommend Ashley Nicole Photography to any couple looking for a professional, dedicated, and talented wedding photographer.
Alyssa S., 4 months ago
Michele Milkey Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

I'm an Atlanta based photographer from Jacksonville, FL! Even though I'm based in Atlanta, I love to travel and will travel for anything photography related! I've always had a passion for photography and capturing people's biggest moments in their life! It goes way back in my family, my dad and grandpa were wedding photographers!! Let's chat about your day and see how I can make your photography visions come true! On top of that, I'm here to be your biggest cheerleader on the day of!!

Awarded Best of Zola
I’ve worked with Michele many times and she is so great! She’s fun, caring, talented, and a joy to be around! Highly recommend for all of your photo needs!
Sarah, 2 years ago
Quick responder
Purser Productions 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $900
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

Hi! We’re Rob and Haleigh, the husband-and-wife team behind Purser Productions. With years of experience and a passion for storytelling, we specialize in capturing weddings with a mix of artistry and authenticity—so your photos feel as real and vibrant as the moments themselves.

Haleigh and Rob with Purser Productions did the best job at capturing my big day. From the little details of the venue and rings, to the ceremony and reception, they made sure to include all of the big moments. Some of my most favorite were the pictures of the reception! No one was safe from the camera when you were on the dance floor ! Whether it was the caught the sweet moments they photographed when I did a first look with my dad, to the rump shaking reception photos, Purser Productions made sure to make this day all about us and our loved ones who came to celebrate. 10/10.
Ali P., 4 months ago
Quick responder
Nicole Falco Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $3,800
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

Hey there I'm Nicole! Wedding and portrait photographer currently based in Georgia, but am always up for traveling! I love natural light, and grateful to be working with amazing couples all year round doing what I love! I love having a good time, and it's my mission to ensure that you have one too when you work with me and my team!

LOVED WORKING WITH NICOLE AND CARMEN! It's so hard as a planner to keep the bride and groom as well as the vendors happy while keeping with the timeline for the day and Nicole and Carmen were an absolute dream to work with!! Amazing pictures, a super fun team and I can't wait to work with them again in the future!!
Jacque Basile, 5 years ago
Quick responder
Berry's Wedding Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $2,495
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

Professional Wedding and Events Photographer serving Metro Atlanta, all of Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and SE USA. Photographer, Kenneth W. Berry has over (25) Years Experience and a reputation for giving great customer service from start to finish. We use Nikon Professional Digital Cameras with backup on hand. What makes a bride happy? Quality memories! A Professional Wedding and Events Photographer is a good investment to ensure quality images as well as peace of mind on your wedding day. We appreciate your business and the confidence you place in our professional services. When you call, please let us know you found us here on Zola.

Awarded Best of Zola
This photographer did a wonderful job at our wedding? Everyone enjoyed the photographer.
Danrell Shelton, a year ago
Quick responder
Joseph Nova Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $2,000
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

Hey there, I'm Joseph Nova, and I've been immersed in the world of photography for the past six incredible years. From the moment I picked up a camera, I knew I had found my true calling. I've dedicated myself to honing my craft and capturing the essence of every moment. Today, my journey has led me to specialize in the magic of wedding photography. There's nothing quite like freezing those once-in-a-lifetime moments and turning them into cherished memories that couples will treasure forever.

Awarded Best of Zola
Joseph was great to work with! He was extremely flexible with our schedule, and made us feel comfortable in every situation. He captured every emotion and made us look great. I would highly recommend Joesph for any event!
Geovani & A., 2 months ago
Quick responder
Auspex Studio 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $2,750
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

lI'm an experienced Wedding Photographer with a Bachelors Degree in Studio Art. My photography style is flexible and high quality. I always work to capture the best photos possible. I love helping people relax in front of the camera by making a safe, open, and comfortable environment.

From the moment I booked Auspex Studio, their communication was genuine and made me feel excited after just messaging back and forth. They are so quick with response times! They were incredibly thorough in understanding my vision for my photos and made me feel so comfortable in front of the camera. On the day we took my photos, they went above and beyond, walking with me around the entire campus to ensure we captured photos in all the spots I wanted. The quality of their work was truly spectacular - the photos they delivered are breathtaking and I wanted to share them with everyone I possibly could! I’m so thrilled with Auspex Studio and would highly recommend them to any graduate needing graduation photos, or a couple needing a wedding photographer, parents who just welcomed a new baby and want memories throughout baby’s first year, or any special occasion you might want a photographer for.
Jillian L., 7 months ago
Quick responder
Marissa Janae Co. 

4.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $1,999
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

Since I was a kid, I have always been a hopeless romantic. Weddings always seemed so beautiful and precious to me. Once I picked up photography, I knew I wanted to enter the wedding arena. Here I am, making my dreams come true. Capturing your special day is an honor; I am happy to serve you and to be a part. Let's make your wedding day come alive with photos that'll make you feel like you're living your wedding day all over again!

Marissa Janae Co. was an absolute delight to work with for our wedding photography. Marissa's organized and enthusiastic communication made planning a breeze. On the big day, she was dedicated to capturing all the special moments with an artistic eye and impressive attention to detail. Even with our packed timeline, Marissa treated us like old friends, putting us at ease to create beautiful, natural photos that we'll treasure. Her passion for her work and commitment to delivering a personal experience shone through. We couldn't be happier with how Marissa captured the joy and love of our wedding celebration.
Katie B., a year ago
Quick responder
LennyBee Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $750
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

Hi, My name is Lenny Bee. I am 30 years old and I currently live in Northern Georgia.  I have always been an artistic person and have found a passion for different medians. From traditional art to working with fabric I have always found something new to try and give my all. I first got behind a camera to take photos of friends and document different sewing projects and it evolved into a passion for Photography. Over the last decade I honed my skills with taking photos of my friends and it wasn't until my friend had lost her Photography the day before her wedding that I thought about doing this as a career.

I had the pleasure of working with Lenny for a fashion photoshoot during a special event and I couldn’t be more pleased with the results. Lenny is able to perfectly capture candid moments where I look natural and radiant while still providing thoughtful direction when it comes to artistic/posed shots. I can be a bit of an awkward subject but she found the perfect balance between authentic shots and polished editorial looks that I was hoping for! The experience was smooth and enjoyable from start to finish: she was on-time, professional, kind and detail-oriented. SO glad I chose Lenny for my special event photos!
Alyssa B., 4 months ago
Quick responder
Wild Elegance 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,600
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA
  • Offer

Hello hello! My name is Marie and I am the owner and photographer for Wild Elegance. We are a brand for adventurers, for lovers of life, and genuine people who love those little moments between the moments in life and seek out truth over perfection. Your marriage is unique because of the relationships you have with the people you choose to celebrate with. Spending my day with you and your closest family and friends brings me such joy, and creating art out of some of the best moments of your life is something I am truly honored to be a part of for so many.

Awarded Best of Zola
My husband and I absolutely adore Marie, she made our wedding celebration so easy going and I cannot wait to work with her again!
Alexandria M., a year ago
Quick responder
Peacock Photo & Video 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $4,500
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

Our mother-daughter team of Debbie Peacock and Lauren Bowen has been providing award-winning photography and videography services in Atlanta, the Georgia Coast, and throughout the Southeast for more than 20 years.  We combine journalism and fine art photography to capture the authentic emotion of the unplanned spontaneous moments of the wedding day while also thoughtfully guiding you through posing when necessary. Our photos are classic and timeless and transcend the latest trends.

Awarded Best of Zola
With all the preparation and planning that goes into a day as important as your wedding day. In the end, all you have left of that day are your memories, photographs, and videos. The perfect choice for us was the professionals at Peacock Photography and Video. We know now that was the absolute right choice. We could not be happier with the service that we received on that very special day.
Todd W., 10 months ago
GemHidden gem
Tracey & Martin Photo Co. 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $3,000
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

Hi there! We’re Tracey-Ann and Martin, wife and husband photography team, and we’re ready to capture the fun and romance of your wedding day. We’ve been documenting love stories for 14+ years (and happily married even longer!) and, along with beautiful photos, our intention is to infuse your day with pure joy! Partners in life and business, we use our synchronicity to document your day and to capture those special candid moments that make your wedding unique.

I absolutely love collaborating with Tracey and Martin for my weddings and my personal blog. I always recommend them to my clients. Besides taking stunning photographs which is evident in their portfolio, they are two of the nicest people you can be blessed to know. Most people do not feel comfortable in front of the camera and both Tracey and Martin have a very special gift of making their clients feel so naturally comfortable and their clients are then able to let loose and the final result is beautiful memorable moments captured on film. It truly has been a pleasure to have them as fellow industry peers.
Nandi Chin Walsh, 4 years ago
GemHidden gem
Audrey Rae Photography 

5.0

  • Fine art style
  • Starts at $2,000
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

I fell in love with photography at a young age, while rummaging through boxes of family photographs. My favorite pictures were always the ones that felt as though you had been transported in time- a little blurry, but a lot of emotion.

I will absolutely recommend Audrey. She is very professional and prompt with her responses. She answered all of my questions without any issues and worked with me on everything.
Tessia N., 4 years ago
GemHidden gem
Mantas Kubilinskas Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $3,900
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

I'm Mantas, a wedding photographer based in Washington, DC. I specialize in capturing real moments that tell your unique love story. Through my work, I combine fine art and documentary photography to beautifully preserve every precious moment of your special day. I have a refined European flair that infuses my photography with elegance and sophistication. My passion lies in capturing the genuine emotions and intimate connections that make your wedding day extraordinary. By combining artistry and storytelling, I aim to provide you with a timeless collection of photographs that will be cherished for generations.

Working with Mantas Kubilinskas Photography was effortless—his creative photojournalism and fine‑art approach with a refined European flair captured our love story authentically. His warm professionalism guided us through every pose, making the entire experience fun and relaxed. With accolades like the Rangefinder Grand Prize, recognition as an SLR Lounge Top 100 photographer, and the WPJA Diamond Award, you know you’re in expert hands. I wholeheartedly recommend Mantas to any couple seeking timeless, storytelling wedding photography.
Katherine, a month ago
GemHidden gem
Lili B’s Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $3,000
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

Hey there, I'm Lili. I have been capturing love stories for the past 8 years. I started out taking friend's and family's senior and family pictures, and eventually that love for photographing turned into documenting wedding days. I'm all about you being yourself and capturing what makes you, you. The quirky, fun, teasing, and weird love that you have. I will be your professional hype woman, third-wheel, dress buttoner, pocket square folder, tear wiper, and everything in between.

I had the opportunity to meet Lili while she was shooting a wedding at our venue. I've worked with many different photographers and she absolutely stands above the rest. She's kind and light-hearted, had everything scheduled wonderfully, and her images were outstanding. I couldn't recommend her more!
Ben C., 4 years ago
GemHidden gem
Fenton Photo LLC 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $1,500
  • Serves Warm Springs, GA

**Please inquire through my website. I do not respond to messages on Zola.** Hey there! My name's Nick, I'm a wedding photographer and videographer from NW Georgia. My goal is to provide an authentic story of your wedding while providing a comfortable and fun experience! Whether you're having an intimate gathering or a grand celebration, I'm here to listen, understand your vision, and bring it to life.

One of my best friends is also a part-time wedding photographer, and she often works with Nick. She photographed my brother's wedding with Nick as her second shooter, and all the photos turned out amazing. When I asked her who I should pick for my wedding photographer (since she was my maid of honor), she immediately recommended Nick and put us in contact. He was very professional during every interaction and always responded promptly. We opted for the package that had a second shooter, included an engagement shoot, and was for a 10-hour day. The quality of his photos for the price is unmatched. It was by far the best investment of the wedding. We did the engagement shoot about a month before the wedding, and he let us pick the locations. The pictures were also returned within the same week. It is well worth doing the engagement shoot because it gives you the opportunity to figure out how each other works, and it made our wedding day that much more relaxing and wonderful. He and his second shooter arrived early on the wedding day and immediately went to work scoping out shooting locations and getting detail shots. He helped make sure we were on time during the morning and afternoon leading up to the ceremony without making me feel rushed at any time. His second shooter was the perfect complement to his personality, which helped all our pictures look stunning while our personalities and real smiles were shining through. We got sneak peek pictures the day after the wedding, and the rest of the portfolio was ready 6 weeks later, which was very fast for someone with a full-time job outside of photography. He kept us updated on when pictures would be ready, which was highly appreciated. When the portfolio was ready, he scheduled a Zoom call with us to show us how to work the website and give us an opportunity to ask any final questions before the site was published. It was a nice personal touch to closing out that chapter of the wedding. Everyone who has looked at the pictures have said how stunning and beautiful they turned out! We cannot wait to have our favorites printed and hanging on our walls to look at for the rest of our lives. We highly recommend Nick!
Carmen C., 25 days ago

Location flexible? Discover photographers near Warm Springs, GA

About wedding photographers in Warm Springs, GA

How much does a wedding photographer typically cost in Warm Springs, GA?

A Warm Springs, GA wedding photographer ranges from $100 to $8,000 and averages at $2,200. The cost reflects the number of hours included, if there is a second photographer, any prints or albums, and, most importantly, the experience of the photographer. But every snapshot they take is a priceless memory of your big day — way better than your bestie's blurry smartphone pics, right?

Do most photographers include a second photographer?

91% of photographers in Warm Springs, GA offer a second photographer, although it typically depends on the package you book! Second photographers are helpful because one person can’t be everywhere at once, and the second photographer ensures all the details are covered.

Which are the most popular photographers in Warm Springs, GA?

Some of the most popular photographers in this area include John Michael Photography, Imagesxpert Media and Ashley Cynthia Photography.

What else should I keep in mind when booking a wedding photographer?

Are you interested in an engagement shoot as a test run? Drone photography? Wedding albums? All helpful things to ask about when you’re considering which wedding photographer to book!

What types of photographers are in Warm Springs, GA?

What other Warm Springs vendors will I need?

What other photographers are nearby?

What other wedding services are nearby?