The Best Wedding Vendors in North Miami Beach, FL

How do we sort results, including Sponsored Ads and personalized results?


1000+ Wedding Vendors in North Miami Beach, FL

Quick responder
PRIMEUS Photography and Video 
Rating: 5.0 (33 reviews)
North Miami Beach, FL
  • Videographer
  • Storytelling style
  • Starts at $1,799

Based in Miami, Florida and West New York, New Jersey PRIMEUS Photography & Video is a creative studio documenting weddings all over South Florida, the Keys, NJ and NY. It is owned by Marina, who has been working in photography and videography for more than six years. Marina combined her passion for art of photography and video making with one of the most significant moments in every couple’s life.

Awarded Best of Zola
Wow there are so many positive things that I can say about Marina and her team! From the beginning she has maintained her professionalism and she’s so easy to work with! She has been so prompt in her response and she is always available! She guided us through our poses that I didn’t even think how many different ones we could’ve had! I’m so appreciative of her work!
Leslie M., a year ago
GemHidden gem
Miami Luxury Restroom Trailers 
Rating: 5.0 (31 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
North Miami Beach, FL
  • Event extras
  • Rentals
  • Starts at $1,000

Miami Luxury Restroom Trailers is a Florida-owned small business committed to reliable service and spotless, upscale restrooms for weddings and events. We take pride in exceptional cleanliness, on-time delivery, and personalized service—so you can trust every detail is handled with care. Our bathrooms are new and in excellent condition.

Miami Luxury Restroom Trailers provided an exceptional experience for our wedding day. From the moment we first inquired, their team was quick to respond, friendly, and easy to work with. The restroom trailers they delivered were stunning, high-end, and of the utmost quality. Our guests were thoroughly impressed by the luxurious and well-appointed restrooms, which truly elevated the overall experience. We are so grateful to have had Miami Luxury Restroom Trailers as a vendor for our special day.
Jacki, 8 months ago
Quick responder
PRIMEUS Photography and Video 
Rating: 5.0 (16 reviews)
North Miami Beach, FL
  • Photographer
  • Classic style
  • Starts at $950

At PRIMEUS Photography & Video, we believe that every couple deserves to have their love story told in the most beautiful way possible. That's why we specialize in capturing milestone occasions, like weddings. Owner Marina is a seasoned professional with six years of experience in visual artistry. She loves to document your love story in a beautiful collection of images and videos that will last you a lifetime. Our experienced photographers and videographers will be by your side to help you create a unique wedding experience.

Awarded Best of Zola
Photos speak for themselves! I was on a budget and chose to go with this high quality company for a shorter amount of time coverage than have a higher time coverage and less quality photos. Quality over quantity! I’ve been to a lot of weddings and I’ve never heard so many guests talk about how professional these photographers were!! Made the bride (me) and groom’s day run absolutely perfect without hiccups!
Amy, 8 months ago
Quick responder
Mae Photography 
Rating: 5.0 (4 reviews)
North Miami Beach, FL
  • Photographer
  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $2,500

We have a great passion for photography and we are dedicated to capturing the true essence of your wedding day. We take pride in ourselves on our attention to detail, and our ability to capture the true emotions and the precious memories of your special day in a beautiful and creative way.

Awarded Best of Zola
I've worked with Mae Photography in the past and I'm always pleased with the service and the results. I trusted them with my wedding and as expected they impressed me. I Highly recommend and they will forever be my got to photographer. Thanks Chris!
Vijay D., 2 years ago
Quick responder
Tipsy Theory LLC 
Rating: 5.0 (2 reviews)
North Miami Beach, FL
  • Bar services & beverages
  • Starts at $600

Hi, I’m Wendy, owner of Tipsy Theory, a South Florida dry hire mobile bartending service specializing in weddings and private events and more!. I believe every celebration deserves a beautiful, stress-free bar experience. I love creating personalized signature cocktails and providing friendly, professional service that helps couples enjoy every moment of their big day. As a dry hire service, you provide the alcohol, and I handle the rest, delivering a seamless experience your guests will remember.

I loved Tipsy Theory & Wendy overall, her dedication & attention was great! She was very attentive to me especially my guest. She always made sure everyone was satisfied. And the drinks were to die for! Looking forward to my next event to book her without a doubt!
Katheren G., a month ago
Quick responder
Wogenz Premier Experiences 
Rating: 5.0 (2 reviews)
  • DJ
  • Starts at $1,300
  • Serves North Miami Beach, FL

Wogenz Premier Experiences mission is simple: "To make your day an indelible experience". Our specialty lies in crafting smooth transitions across genres; from timeless classics to modern hits, American, Afro-Caribbean rhythms, and everything in between. Each wedding is tailored to the couple’s unique day, ensuring no two celebrations ever sound the same. With professional sound, we elevate your special day into a premier experience that will engrave into yours and your guests memories for as long you can remember. Your wedding is one of the biggest celebrations of your life.

I’d say DJ Wogenz has a diverse range of music styles. He really brings Caribbean blend with an Afrobeat flow if need be completely doing his homework to ensure the themes are brought out. I was even able to witness K-Pop where credit was given on the range and limitless possibilities. Dj Wongez has been chosen in multicultural weddings, yacht parties, formal events and more he’s excellent!
Ady, 9 months ago
Quick responder
Miami Photographers Villas Channel 
Rating: 5.0 (173 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
  • Photographer
  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $800
  • Serves North Miami Beach, FL
  • Offer

Miami’s top-rated photographers Villas Channel Photography has 800+ five-star Google reviews and award-winning expertise. I’m José—filmmaker & photographer—partnered with Cynthia, photographer, along with our talented team; we deliver high-quality, authentic imagery. Our signature lifestyle-documentary style delivers timeless, magazine-worthy images from sunrise to sunset. With 20+ years of experience, we specialize in weddings, engagements, and elopements. Our work has taken us to exotic destination weddings in Rio de Janeiro, Puerto Rico, and Spain, and we've had the privilege of collaborating with Mercedes-Benz, Ocean Drive Magazine.

Awarded Best of Zola
Best team of miami photographers ever!! Our engagement session at the beach was so spectacular. Their creativity, attention to detail and personality made us feel comfortable and perfect. Thet suggested the location and best golden sunrise hour to make the session. We already hired them for our upcoming wedding this 2027.
Vito, 5 months ago
Quick responder
Weddings by Danny 
Rating: 5.0 (110 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
  • Officiant
  • Offers 10 ceremony types
  • Starts at $600
  • Serves North Miami Beach, FL

Hi! I’m Danny! A wedding officiant who believes your ceremony should be the heart of your wedding day — personal, joyful, and true to your love story. Whether you’re dreaming of a meaningful, story-driven ceremony, something short & sweet, or a little in between — I’m here to guide you, support you, and create a ceremony you’ll remember forever.

Awarded Best of Zola
Danny was an amazing officiant. He made our ceremony heartfelt, personal, and perfectly balanced with humor. Our guests loved him, and we couldn’t have asked for a better person to marry us. Highly recommend!
Jeremiah L., 6 months ago
Quick responder
The Ranch Miami 
Rating: 5.0 (107 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
Miami, FL
  • Venue
  • Up to 500 guests
  • All-inclusive
  • Outdoor & indoor
  • Starts at $4,500

One event per day for a private and exclusive experience, Beautiful outdoor ceremony and reception spaces surrounded by nature, Breathtaking sunset views and magical lighting throughout the property and spacious Getting Ready House available

Why you'll love this venue

  • Surrounded by nature
  • Provides setup and cleanup
  • Provides catering services

Venue considerations

  • No on-premises lodging options
  • Not for you if you don't want a rustic vibe
  • Best for events with big guest lists
We chose The Ranch Miami for our wedding and it was the right call. From our first conversation, the team was attentive and respectful, answering every question we had without making us feel rushed. On the day of, the staff showed up ready to work and their passion for what they do was clear—every person we interacted with was caring and genuinely invested in making our day special. The venue itself is stunning with green spaces and natural scenery that gave us the backdrop we dreamed of. They have everything you could possibly need for a wedding, so we didn't have to stress about details or hunt down outside vendors. If you want a beautiful, stress-free day surrounded by your family, The Ranch Miami is the place to do it.
Loreana B., 2 months ago
TrendlineTrending
94th Aero Squadron Restaurant 
Rating: 4.5 (100 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
Miami, FL
  • Venue
  • Up to 200 guests
  • Select services
  • Indoor & outdoor
  • Starts at $1,000

We would like to introduce you to the 94th Aero Squadron, our European-inspired venue that sets the perfect tone for your special day. Our dedicated catering staff is here to bring your wedding dreams to life. Whether you're planning an intimate affair or a lavish reception, we are here for you every step of the way, ensuring a memorable and beautiful celebration.

Why you'll love this venue

  • Both indoor and outdoor options

Venue considerations

  • Additional event staff required
  • Does not allow pets
  • Lighting and sound are not included
Quick responder
Lucid Events 
Rating: 5.0 (98 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
  • Planner
  • Offers 7 services
  • Starts at $1,500
  • Serves North Miami Beach, FL

With the help of Lucid Events, couples can see their dream day brought to life in spectacular detail. With over a decade of experience, Lucid Events has designed and managed hundreds of weddings of all styles, from luxury affairs to nationally-published fairytale weddings. Lucid Events has won multiple awards, including Best FL Wedding Planner on CBS News! Offering both full and partial planning, we cover all of your wedding planning needs. Assistance in finding the perfect venue and vendors, creating guest lists, timelines, event design, and day-of coordination can all be looked after with ease.

Awarded Best of Zola
Hiring Gina to be our planner was the first wedding decision we made and the best one! I cannot recommend working with her enough! Gina helped us put together a dream team of vendors, she was there for every question, every step of the way and most importantly helped us put on the MOST INCREDIBLE WEDDING EVERRRRR! We worked with Gina for a little over a year in our planning process and she was consistently on her game and just a pleasure to have in our lives. Gina made sure we were staying on task getting things done so we never felt overwhelmed. She took the pressure off by helping to narrow down vendors, setting up appointments, giving recs and just cut down on the hundreds of hours of research this would've taken on our own to do. She was clearly known and trusted by other vendors in the community and they all raved about working with her. When it came time for the wedding itself, Gina knocked it out of the park. She also brought Alexis as a day of coordinator to help who was fantastic to work with. Alexis made sure our rehearsal went off so smoothly and efficiently and was a reliable second set of hands on the wedding day. Throughout our time together, Gina made sure to get to know us as a couple, what made us comfortable, what our vibe was and that was so clear on our big day. Rain caused us to have a last minute change of our ceremony from outside to inside and she helped all the vendors to flip the space in record time. She decided what questions needed to come to me and which ones I didn't need to be bothered with because it would unnecessarily stress me out. As a bride, this was so important. We told Gina we wanted our wedding to be a giant dance party start to finish and her creative ideas and timeline helped us deliver just that. Gina went above and beyond, helping one of my bridesmaid's fix her hair at the last minute, finding us the most unique props for our dance floor (hello robot dinosaurs!) and even helped us to quietly remove a guest from the party who had had too much. Gina is THAT GIRL that every couple should have by their side at the wedding. She is so versatile, working with couples with a variety of tastes and styles and can fit in with any group. Our friends and family were all raving about her and we want to have another wedding, just to work with her again!
Brandi F., a year ago
Quick responder
Spur Of The Moment Ranch 
Rating: 5.0 (93 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
Homestead, FL
  • Venue
  • Up to 150 guests
  • All-inclusive
  • Outdoor & indoor

Spur Of The Moment Ranch is a barn style wedding venue in Homestead, Florida, located right outside of Miami. Rustic fully air-conditioned barn, a large covered pole-barn for your reception, breath taking ceremony area, a 360 degree koi pond with cascading waterfalls, surrounded by luscious tropical landscape, this unique property sets the perfect tone for a Wedding Oasis. With such a beautiful property you can be sure there will be no shortage of picture-perfect places to capture your special day. Couples receive exclusive use of the property on the day of the wedding. Spur Of The Moment Ranch also offers: Multi-site venue, Bar & DJ area, Bridal suite, fire-pit, air-conditioned restrooms, Onsite Parking, Day of Coordinator & Officiant. Amazing vendors. Please contact for a private tour! We offer Military & First Responders Discounts!

Why you'll love this venue

  • Both indoor and outdoor options
  • Full catering menu to choose from
  • Dressing room available

Venue considerations

  • No free parking
  • Not for you if you don't want a rustic vibe
  • No on-site guest accommodations
Awarded Best of Zola
Spur of the Moment Ranch is such a beautiful wedding venue filled with so many picturesque photo spots. They have the perfect mix of tropical, rustic, and aesthetic. This is the perfect wedding venue for those who want stunning and unique images from their wedding day. Spur of the Moment Ranch is one of my favorite venues to photograph at and I always look forward to being there. The staff is incredibly welcoming and truly cares about the happiness of their couples and vendors. To any couples looking for a venue, I highly recommend you check out Spur of the Moment Ranch. I promise you won't regret it.
SallySG Photo, 2 years ago
Quick responder
The Notary Machine 
Rating: 4.9 (64 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
  • Officiant
  • Offers 9 ceremony types
  • Starts at $480
  • Serves North Miami Beach, FL

With more than 500 weddings and ceremonies officiated, The Notary Machine Weddings provides personalized civil weddings, beach weddings, destination weddings, and bilingual wedding officiant services in Miami and Fort Lauderdale. With more than 500 ceremonies performed, we make the process simple, organized, and stress-free. Services include: Bilingual wedding officiant Civil and beach ceremonies Marriage license guidance Beach permits Wedding planning and coordination Ceremony décor Professional photography Complete wedding packages

Estoy demasiado agradecida con Donella. Desde el primer momento fue una persona súper atenta y dedicada. Me ayudó a planificar todo en mi boca con paciencia y cariño, asegurándose de que cada detalle quedara justo como yo quería. Se encargó de todo con tanto profesionalismo y amor, que el resultado fue simplemente hermoso. Gracias an ella me sentí la novia más hermosa en mi día especial. La recomiendo al 100%, porque más que un servicio, ella brinda confianza, apoyo y resultados maravillosos.
Maria, a year ago
Quick responder
Christy Clark Photography, LLC. 
Rating: 5.0 (62 reviews)
  • Photographer
  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $2,450
  • Serves North Miami Beach, FL
  • Offer

We’re Christy Clark Photography, a husband-and-wife team capturing weddings across Florida and beyond with a documentary approach centered on real moments and genuine connection. For over a decade, we’ve photographed the belly laughs, happy tears, quiet glances, wild dance moves, and little in-between moments that make each wedding unforgettable. We know when to blend into the background and when to step in with just enough direction to help you feel comfortable and confident. With two perspectives, three cameras, and a whole lot of heart, we capture the moments you experienced and the ones you missed. The result? Timeless, personality-filled images that feel like your wedding day: genuine, beautiful, and completely yours.

Awarded Best of Zola
Our goal was to get photos that looked straight out of a Vogue shoot haha.. And they superseded our expectations. Our photos are timeless and absolutely stunning. Christy and Alex are extremely sweet, making us feel so comfortable. There was not a moment we felt lost because they kindly guided us in what to do and the execution was exactly what we wanted, confirming that our desires were heard and respected. They captured us for who we are as a couple. Thanks Christy and Alex!
Matthew B., 2 years ago
Quick responder
Laura and Co. Events 
Rating: 4.5 (61 reviews)
  • Planner
  • Offers 7 services
  • Starts at $150
  • Serves North Miami Beach, FL

We are a family-owned, full-service event company with over a decade of experience in wedding and events. Over the past 10+ years, we have cultivated strong relationships with trusted industry professionals, allowing us to offer our clients a seamless, all-inclusive experience. We provide thoughtfully curated packages that include planning, coordination, photography, videography, floral design, and décor. Our team is dedicated to ensuring your event is beautifully designed, expertly managed, and completely stress-free.

Awarded Best of Zola
We could not have been happier with Laura and CO events. The communication was always timely and so upbeat. The entire team were determined to make this a truly magical day from start to finish. We hired a planner so that we can enjoy the FUN parts of the wedding, the memorable parts, and not get stressed over the tedious behind the scenes checklist that make this day come together seamlessly. That’s where Alexandra and her team stepped in. They were so mindful of our budget and even had some AMAZING budget saving ideas. The vendors they work with are so professional. Our day was beautiful, from the way they set up the venue to the seamless transition between ceremony to reception. They were always doing the most to make sure we were happy, taken care of, and had the time to take it all in! Would highly reccomend
Alina D., 2 months ago
Quick responder
South Florida Luxury Rental Restrooms LLC 
Rating: 5.0 (52 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
  • Event extras
  • Rentals
  • Starts at $800
  • Serves North Miami Beach, FL

Elevate your event with South Florida Luxury Rental Restrooms LLC, the premier source for high-end portable restroom trailers in Miami-Dade, Broward, and West Palm Beach. We specialize in climate-controlled mobile suites that match the aesthetic of luxury weddings. Our fleet features various trailer sizes, including 2, 6, and 10-stall units to fit any guest count. Featuring luxury interior finishes, LED lighting, and hands-free amenities, we provide a 5-star experience for outdoor venues. Trust the local experts in sanitation logistics for an upscale rental tailored to the South Florida climate.

We were blown away by South Florida Luxury Rental Restrooms LLC and how much they elevated our wedding day. From our first conversation, their team was responsive and courteous, answering every question we had before the big day. They set everything up the day before, which took so much stress off our shoulders, and their driver was incredibly helpful and professional . The restrooms were genuinely luxurious—guests couldn't stop talking about how beautiful and clean they were throughout the night. The whole experience felt seamless, and we appreciated how much they cared about making sure our event ran smoothly. We'd absolutely recommend them to any couple looking for restroom rentals that actually feel special.
Erick H., 4 months ago
Quick responder
Estrella Estate 
Rating: 5.0 (52 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
Miami, FL
  • Venue
  • Up to 200 guests
  • Select services
  • Indoor & outdoor

Estrella Estate is a private venue on 10 acres of lush greenery located in the Redlands, Florida. The Estate is an adaptable open floor plan venue with access to a large string-lit barn, open sky pre-reception area, and a romantic glade for all occasions. Family owned and operated for over 45 years and spanning three generations, Estrella Estate has served as a farm for multiple exotic tropical fruits over the years. Estrella Estate was established to help preserve the disappearing rural culture of the Redlands, and as a getaway from the busy urban Miami scene. Estrella Estate’s open layout provides a multitude of options that allow the estate to be customized to meet your specific event needs. Whether you are looking for a rustic barn, a picturesque outdoor communion with nature, or gazing under the stars, Estrella Estate brings that to life, all while being within reach of Miami.

Why you'll love this venue

  • Multiple event spaces
  • Has a relaxed and casual vibe
  • Pets can join the celebration

Venue considerations

  • On-site parking not available
  • No on-site bridal suite
  • No in-house catering options
Awarded Best of Zola
From the moment we booked Estrella Estate for our wedding, the team was honest, clear, and transparent in their communication. Their attention to detail and commitment to providing a beautiful, clean, and vibrant event space was apparent in every interaction. On our wedding day, the staff went above and beyond to ensure our guests and bridal party felt taken care of, anticipating our needs and making sure everything ran on time. The end result was a gorgeous, seamless celebration that exceeded our expectations. We are so grateful to the Estrella Estate team for helping to make our special day truly unforgettable.
Andy M., a year ago
GemHidden gem
Alto Asado 
Rating: 5.0 (52 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
  • Caterer
  • Starts at $1,200
  • Serves North Miami Beach, FL

Alto Asado was created from a passion for bringing people together around great food and meaningful moments. Inspired by the Argentine tradition of asado, we focus on cooking on site and serving thoughtfully prepared menus that feel personal, warm, and memorable.

We hired this asado service for a group of 20 people at our place and honestly… it was next level. The food was insane. The meat was cooked perfectly, everything was super flavorful, and there was more than enough for everyone (no one left hungry). They handled everything so smoothly that we didn’t have to worry about a thing, we just hung out, drank, and enjoyed the night. Super chill, super friendly, and clearly knows what they’re doing. Our guests wouldn’t stop talking about the food and kept asking where we found them. If you’re thinking about doing an asado at home and want it done right, this is it. 10/10 would book again without thinking twice.
Tomas S., 7 months ago
Quick responder
YES I DO PRODUCTION 
Rating: 4.9 (50 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
  • Photographer
  • Classic style
  • Starts at $4,000
  • Serves North Miami Beach, FL

There is nothing I love more than capturing the special moments, that you will cherish forever. This is what inspired me to become a dedicated Wedding Photographer since 2008. My mission as your wedding photographer is to capture the fleeting moments in life, celebrate the value of marriage, and create luxurious images that will last a lifetime. My main goal, when you look back at your images 60 years from now, we want you to remember how you felt, the love between you, the beauty, the real and honest moments and emotions.​

Awarded Best of Zola
Mary and her team were so kind to us. My husband and I are very shy and awkward people but she managed to make us so comfortable and captured absolutely stunning photos of us for our big day. She was patient with everyone and allowed us time to get comfortable, but she was also efficient in getting every single shot that I had requested. I also had a film photography add on which was so special to see. Very romantic and documentary style photos mixed with staged/posed photos made for a perfect wedding album (which was completed in exactly 4 weeks! So quick!). If I could do it all again I would choose them over and over.
Amanda G., 2 months ago
Quick responder
Until Forever Photography 
Rating: 5.0 (38 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
  • Photographer
  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,500
  • Serves North Miami Beach, FL

Hi! We are Until Forever! Photography is our passion and where our creative energy flows. I think my camera is an extension of me because it allows me to capture what I see and feel. We believe in creating images that will make you feel connected. We aim to capture not only the present moment but human connection and raw emotion. It’s our aim to perfectly weave the two together to evoke emotion that is joy-filled and timeless. Your love is such a beautiful gift! Wherever you are and whatever you do, your story deserves to be remembered for decades to come!

Awarded Best of Zola
We had a very non traditional wedding, and from the second we met Paola and Robert, we knew we were in the best hands! They delivered the most INCREDIBLE photos from our engagement shoot at Dirty French, discreetly capturing our most fun moments together at the bar so well that we forgot they were even there. The fun continued as they stopped traffic for us to take photos on Brickell Ave and discovered a hidden boardwalk on the water. Our wedding was nothing short of amazing, they were prompt, full of unconventional ideas and had me jumping for joy on the dance floor when I saw a preview on the camera. They executed our vision for photography flawlessly, cannot recommend them enough!
Ariel H., 2 years ago
Quick responder
Ever After Farms Tropical Grove Wedding Venue 
Rating: 5.0 (38 reviews)
Homestead, FL
  • Venue
  • Up to 200 guests
  • Select services
  • Indoor & outdoor
  • Starts at $6,000

A gorgeous white venue set amongst a breathtaking tropical fruit grove provides the perfect backdrop for a romantic and unforgettable celebration. Couples love our affordable pricing, friendly responsive staff, and stress-free experience. The Tropical Grove will leave your guests talking about how incredible your event was for years to come. It's ideally located near Miami in the Redlands district just minutes off of the Route 1 Turnpike. The perfect wedding starts with the perfect venue, and this is it. Schedule your tour today to see for yourself just how incredible this venue truly is.

Why you'll love this venue

  • Has a dance floor to dance the night away
  • Dressing room available
  • Provides lighting and sound

Venue considerations

  • Best for events with big guest lists
  • Does not allow pets
  • Not for you if you're looking for a sleek and contemporary space
Awarded Best of Zola
As a day-of wedding coordinator, I had the pleasure of coordinating a wedding at Ever After Farms Tropical Grove, and it was a wonderful experience. The venue is absolutely beautiful, but what stood out most to me was how easy the team was to work with throughout the day. The staff was welcoming, responsive, and professional, creating an environment where vendors could work together seamlessly. From setup through the reception, everything ran smoothly, and I never felt like I was working against the venue—they truly felt like a partner in making the day a success. The grounds are stunning and photograph beautifully, but just as importantly, the operations behind the scenes made my job much easier. I would confidently recommend Ever After Farms Tropical Grove to both couples and fellow wedding professionals. I look forward to the opportunity to coordinate another wedding there!
Alyssa R., a month ago

North Miami Beach, FL reception venues by style

Outdoor spaces
Outdoor spaces