The Best Wedding Vendors in Mission, KS

How do we sort results, including Sponsored Ads and personalized results?


910 Wedding Vendors in Mission, KS

Quick responder
Wah Joy 
Rating: 5.0 (10 reviews)
Mission, KS
  • Officiant
  • Offers 9 ceremony types
  • Starts at $500

Your friendly KC/MO Wedding Officiants: - CUSTOM CEREMONIES - Interfaith, Non-Denominational - All Loved, All Served! We’ll provide a joyful presence at your ceremony, setting the tone for you and your guests. We’re funny, friendly, and here to help you create a lifetime memory. Serving: Kansas City, Springfield, and St.Louis.

Awarded Best of Zola
Wah Joy, our wedding officiants, were a pleasure to work with from start to finish. Their communication style was responsive, professional, and supportive throughout the entire process. The quality of their work and the value they provided was outstanding - they paid close attention to every detail and were incredibly easy to collaborate with. Wah Joy gave us complete peace of mind knowing that this important part of our wedding day was in great hands. The process of finalizing the script for our ceremony felt like a true collaboration, as they guided us with their expertise while ensuring it reflected our unique vision. We couldn't have asked for a better officiating team to make our special day so meaningful and memorable.
Bridget B., 10 months ago
Florativity 
Rating: 5.0 (4 reviews)
Mission, KS
  • Florist
  • Starts at $1,500

At Florativity we love weddings! We offer stunning florals and decor to make your wedding vision come to life! Floral and decor for every vision and budget, lets make your special day stress free and beautiful!

Awarded Best of Zola
A friend recommended Florativity to us for an event we were having and I am so thankful this friend did because we've been using Florativity ever since! The colors, flowers, arrangements are very high quality and I receive at least ten or more compliments from guests who attend these events. Not only have I used Florativity for events, but also for condolences, birthdays, etc. Their prices are affordable and they even deliver. Last, the customer service I have received has been exceptional and I've never had any negative experience, so I HIGHLY recommend Florativity!
Jenny, Kauffman Center, 4 years ago
GemHidden gem
Natalie Nichole Photography 
Rating: 5.0 (4 reviews)
Mission, KS
  • Photographer
  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $2,000

Weddings are my passion, it's not the decor, or the outfits, it's the pure LOVE between my couples. It is such an honor to be a part of my couples biggest day of their lives and the beginning of their marriage. Getting to use my talent to document their connection and all the amazing moments during the day is really a dream come true.

Awarded Best of Zola
Natalie is the best! We just got our engagement pictures back. We were nervous about feeling awkward in front of the camera, but she made us feel so comfortable and gave us great prompts for posing. We genuinely loved every single picture in our engagement photo gallery. We are so excited to work with her for our wedding next summer!
Jamie S., 2 years ago
Nichole Storey Photography 
Rating: 5.0 (2 reviews)
Mission, KS
  • Photographer
  • Classic style
  • Starts at $2,000

Hey there! I’m Nichole and I am so dang excited for you! I love documenting love stories and capturing every special moment that your big day entails. My goal is to give you photos that capture that let you relive your special day over and over again for the rest of your life.

Nichole did an amazing job!! We used her for our engagement photos and were beyond impressed. We then hired her for our wedding and she went above and beyond. She took an incredible amount of pictures and she really managed to capture every moment. I feel like I can relive my whole night through her photography. She had a lot of talent and will use her again in the future!
Justine, a year ago
Edstedt Media 
Rating: 5.0 (2 reviews)
Mission, KS
  • Videographer
  • Cinematic style
  • Starts at $2,000

Hello! I am a wedding filmmaker based in Kansas City. I have been shooting wedding for over 5 years now on the video side of things. Before this, I shot weddings a photographer for 6 years. So, I have plenty of experience and insight of what goes into a wedding day. I have a very cinematic style with bright and vibrant colors. I love being able to capture the day as it was and have my couples be able to relive that day with all the emotions they felt. If you think we’d be a good match, I hope to talk to you in the future!

Working with Josh on our wedding day was completely amazing. He was so easy to work with and made our day so much easier. He showed up early at no cost and stayed until he got everything we needed. He got us our videos within the time frame and they were so amazing! The quality of his work is unbeatable!
Angelica and r., 3 years ago
Quick responder
Ivory Grove 
Rating: 4.9 (112 reviews)
  • Photographer
  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,700
  • Serves Mission, KS
  • Offer

We are a team of photographers, videographers, and event planners serving the state of Missouri! We specialize in capturing the genuine moments of authentic joy in each wedding we are a part of. Our priority is to treat every client the way we would like to be treated and to make this the easiest, most enjoyable part of your wedding. Nothing makes us happier than helping others create unforgettable memories, and we can't wait to do the same for you!

Awarded Best of Zola
Ivory Grove was very helpful during my wedding process, Lindsey helped answer all of my questions and made the process very simple and stress free. They did amazing at getting my photos and video back in a timely manner and everything was very beautiful and seamless. I had requested my photographer, but my videographer was picked for me, and he was awesome! I would definitely recommend Ivory Grove to anyone!
Alisha H., a year ago
TrendlineTrending
Liz Ashley Events 
Rating: 5.0 (16 reviews)
  • Planner
  • Offers 5 services
  • Starts at $1,500
  • Serves Mission, KS

Liz Ashley Events is a full-service wedding and event planning company based in Overland Park, Kansas, serving the Kansas City metro and beyond. Whether you're envisioning an intimate backyard ceremony or a large-scale celebration, I bring the same level of care to every event: meticulous timelines, trusted vendor relationships, and a planner who's genuinely excited to be there. From day-of coordination to full planning, I handle everything so you can actually enjoy your event. Voted Kansas City's Best Wedding Planner by The Pitch in 2024.

I went into this thinking I could handle everything myself. I was wrong.. Hiring Liz was the best decision we made. She saved me from about 47 unnecessary breakdowns.
Samantha G., 18 days ago
Quick responder
All Set Events - Planning, Coordination, Design & DJ 
Rating: 4.6 (15 reviews)
  • Planner
  • Offers 5 services
  • Starts at $895
  • Serves Mission, KS

At All Set Events we offer only the best! We are based in Kansas City, but travel nationally to make sure all couples have access to top notch services. Our packages are designed with you in mind. They are simple in price, but give you everything you need to bring your dream wedding to life. We specialize not only in Wedding Planning, Coordination, and Design but also DJ services! Allowing us to keep your wedding on schedule and you smiling at an unbelievable price. We are proud to be a husband and wife team providing world class wedding services to so many amazing couples in Kansas City. To us you're not just another client, you're family!

Awarded Best of Zola
Eden and Sky (and assistant Daniella) made our day absolutely amazing. We were able to sit back, relax, and enjoy our special day. They brought our vision to life!! Sky was able to feel out the vibe of the dance floor effortlessly and people were dancing and singing all night. We genuinely had THE BEST day of our lives thanks to them.
Lorin S., a year ago
Quick responder
Occasions by Ally 
Rating: 5.0 (12 reviews)
  • Planner
  • Offers 3 services
  • Starts at $2,600
  • Serves Mission, KS

I have loved planning events of all kinds for as long as I can remember but weddings hold a special place in my heart. There is just something so beautiful and unique about each couple and each wedding. I am beyond honored that my clients choose to trust me with the most special day of their lives.

Awarded Best of Zola
Ally is the absolute BEST! We attended a beautiful wedding that Ally coordinated, and quickly signed her up for our daughter’s wedding planning! She is SO easy to work with, and was there for us 100% throughout. We are forever grateful to her for her hard work & dedication!!! While we THOUGHT we were organized/prepared for the special day, we soon realized that one can NEVER fully anticipate how many things come up that need “troubleshooting” and Ally’s amazing coordinating skills and her attention to detail absolutely saved the day for us-SO many times, actually. We highly recommend using Ally as your coordinator. She is the best and deserves more than five stars!!!
Connie M., 4 years ago
Quick responder
Philosofi Celebrations 
Rating: 5.0 (9 reviews)
  • Planner
  • Offers 5 services
  • Starts at $2,250
  • Serves Mission, KS

At Philosofi Celebrations, we're firm believers that your wedding isn't just another event- it's the celebratory kickoff to your next chapter together. With us by your side, you can focus on soaking up every joyful moment and leave the never-ending logistical details to our kickass team of Kansas City wedding planners. From wedding management to full-service planning, we've got you covered every step of the way.

Awarded Best of Zola
I don't even know how to begin to describe how amazing Sofi is! She and her team are absolute gems. Sofi helped my now husband plan his proposal in September of 2024. It was such a wonderful and well thought out day, so naturally we had to have her as our wedding manager! Throughout the planning process, she helped us complete tasks on time, gave us great creative ideas and advice, and made sure that everything was prepped for our wedding day. Sofi does things far beyond what is expected. She contacted each of our vendors and made sure that they understood the plan for the day of and that nobody would have questions for me, my husband, or our families. Sofi and her team have wonderful attention to detail and set up our ceremony and reception spaces beautifully. On our wedding weekend, my husband and our families were able to completely relax and fully trust that everything was handled. Our day went perfectly thanks to Sofi. Several of our friends and family members told us that they noticed how kind and organized she is. We are eternally grateful to Sofi and know that we would not have had nearly as wonderful of a wedding without her. Choosing her as our wedding manager was the best decision we could have ever made!
Rachel W., 6 months ago
Quick responder
KA Gordon Photography 
Rating: 5.0 (8 reviews)
  • Photographer
  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $3,500
  • Serves Mission, KS

Refined, editorial wedding photography rooted in connection, emotion, and timeless storytelling. I photograph weddings with a calm, intentional approach, blending editorial direction with natural, unscripted moments. My goal is to create images that feel effortless, elevated, and deeply personal, so when you look back, you don’t just see how it looked, you remember exactly how it felt.

Hiring Keri-Ann as our photographer was one of the best decisions we made for our wedding. We are a very private couple a s she respected this. Our celebration was a three-day Indian and American wedding weekend, which meant there were so many meaningful traditions, family moments, and emotions to capture and Keri-Ann handled it all flawlessly. From the very beginning, she was incredibly professional, kind, and genuinely invested in telling our story. She took the time to understand our traditions and made everyone feel comfortable in front of the camera. Her presence felt calming during moments that could have easily become stressful, and she helped guide us through the timeline so we could actually enjoy our wedding. What truly stood out was how far she went above and beyond for us. One of my close friends was flying in from another country and arrived later than expected, and I really wanted photos with her. Without hesitation, Keri-Ann changed her return flight and stayed an extra night just so we could do that session. She didn’t charge us anything additional for her time the only cost was covering her extra hotel night. That level of care and flexibility meant so much to us. When we received our photos, we were absolutely blown away. Every image felt emotional, elegant, and timeless. She captured the beauty of our traditions, the joy of our families coming together, and all the little moments we didn’t even realize were happening. Looking through the gallery felt like reliving the entire weekend. Keri-Ann is not just a photographer she is someone who truly cares about her couples and the memories she preserves for them. If you want someone who is talented, thoughtful, and willing to go the extra mile for you, she is the photographer you want by your side. Fatima
Fatima, a month ago
Quick responder
Caitlyn Cloud Photography 
Rating: 5.0 (7 reviews)
  • Photographer
  • Photojournalistic style
  • Serves Mission, KS

I grew up in a divided home, literally. Splitting time between my parents after their divorce, often being in the middle of their fighting, made me grow into a very empathetic person. It’s become the biggest strength I take with me into wedding days. My documentary style stems from my ability to sense when special moments are about to happen. I am able to sense emotions that aren’t necessarily visible, sense when to come close and when to be a fly-on-the-wall, and sense what/who is important to you therefore important to photograph.

Awarded Best of Zola
Caitlyn was so easy to work with and so organized. The portal she uses to share bills and information is very easy to use. She was flexible with scheduling and offered great guidance for day of scheduling. She is a great communicator and responds quickly. The day of she made the whole experience effortless honestly! Our photos turned out amazing, we loved the candid and more posed photos. It was great to have a good mix of each! Every wedding day has issues, our venue didn’t put out our chairs and Caitlyn totally rolled with it and took pictures while people waited for chairs to arrive. She’s also just a genuine person and truly cares about the people she’s working with. Would recommend her 100%.
Lindsay, 4 months ago
GemHidden gem
Levity Weddings & Events 
Rating: 5.0 (7 reviews)
  • DJ
  • Starts at $1,749
  • Serves Mission, KS

Levity has spent years building our reputation as an inclusive wedding DJ company with 800+ 5-star reviews/recommendations and awards for days! We take pride in thoroughly vetting and training our DJs to ensure they have the skills and personality so your event is perfect. Our packages are designed to be "stress-free" and include music from the moment your guests arrive until midnight, allowing our clients to enjoy themselves. When the party lasts longer than you planned, there won't be any surprises.

Ryan and the team at Levity are incredible. They truly made our wedding such a fun experience. We had several guests who stayed on the dance floor the whole time. Ryan had also worked with our venue before, so he was able to coordinate all of the music from the cocktail hour, dinner, and dancing with the venue team - which made everything so seamless for us. I highly recommend Levity events.
Shelby O., 3 months ago
Quick responder
Anthology On Main | Literary Flowers Handcrafted From Book Pages 
Rating: 5.0 (6 reviews)
  • Florist
  • Starts at $2,500
  • Serves Mission, KS

Anthology On Main specializes in wedding flowers handcrafted from real book pages. I create each bloom from your favorite novels in the flowers and colors you love, with no seasonal limitations. Based in Kansas and shipping nationwide, I design meaningful florals that remain beautiful for decades.

Awarded Best of Zola
Katie was amazing to work with! She helped tailor our flowers to keep within our budget, and they came out AMAZING. I'm so happy I get to keep them as an amazing keepsake. Everyone at the wedding was floored that they were paper and not real. And having quotes from our favorite books to look at all day was just a memorable experience.
Joanna L., 6 months ago
TrendlineTrending
Stevie Nicole Photography 
Rating: 5.0 (6 reviews)
  • Photographer
  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $2,550
  • Serves Mission, KS

Hi there! Nice to meet you! I’m a photographer, full-time executive assistant at a non-profit organization, graphic designer, true crime weirdo, and karaoke expert in Kansas City, Missouri. Most importantly, I’m a mom to a sweet baby boy and two pups, and I’m in love with my best friend. Twelve years ago, in a tiny Kansas town called Yoder, I started my little photo business. Since then, I’ve been so lucky to be able to create many life-long friendships with tons of incredible people throughout the Midwest and beyond.

We cannot recommend Stevie enough. From our engagement shoot to our wedding day she was absolutely amazing. Her personality makes you instantly feel comfortable and her laugh is contagious. She’s so responsive and has such good ideas for cool photos. She’s someone we want to use for photo sessions going forward and we CANNOT WAIT to get the rest of our wedding photos in. She’s a 100/10!
Ali W., a year ago
GemHidden gem
Authentically You 
Rating: 5.0 (5 reviews)
  • Planner
  • Offers 5 services
  • Starts at $3,000
  • Serves Mission, KS

Hello! I'm Aquina, the driving force behind Authentically You. With a background in event planning and a dedication to diverse weddings, I infuse each celebration with unique flair. Raised in the dynamic environment of the Kansas City Chiefs, I found my passion for event logistics. I blend the art of crafting unforgettable weddings with authenticity. Joining the team is Roya, our Wedding Cultural Advisor and Lead Planner. And Mickaela, Lead Coordinator.

Awarded Best of Zola
I was a September 2023 bride and I worked with Aquina leading up to my wedding. She handled EVERYTHING. She communicated with vendors, brought things up I would’ve never thought of, and just eased my stress. Even when the plumbing went out at my venue a few days before my wedding, and when the venue manager had issues with my family.. I never knew a thing. She handled everything professionally and with such an open heart. HIGHLY recommend!!
Kelsey K, 2 years ago
Fix Beauty Co. 
Rating: 5.0 (5 reviews)
  • Beauty professional
  • Team of 14
  • Starts at $650
  • Serves Mission, KS

At Fix Beauty Co., we are passionate about helping clients feel confident, radiant, and beautiful for their most special moments. From flawless brows and lashes to custom skincare solutions, our focus is on delivering results that speak for themselves. We love connecting with our clients, understanding their unique beauty goals, and bringing their vision to life with precision and care. Whether it's for a wedding, special event, or everyday confidence boost, we take pride in being part of such meaningful transformations.

Fix Beauty Co. Studio & Mobile Makeup, Hair, & Airbrush Tanning in Leawood were absolutely incredible to work with for my wedding day! Their communication was perfect - they were responsive, professional, and made sure we were on the same page every step of the way. The quality of their work was amazing and truly left me feeling like a queen! They made our day go so smoothly, and I can confidently say they are the best makeup artists in the Kansas City Leawood area. I highly recommend Fix Beauty Co. to any couple planning their wedding.
Amy, a year ago
Quick responder
Graceful Beauty KC 
Rating: 4.8 (4 reviews)
  • Beauty professional
  • Team of 16
  • Starts at $640
  • Serves Mission, KS

As your Kansas City makeup artist and hairstyling team, we pride ourselves on not only making you feel beautiful on your wedding day, but making you feel worthy. Our priority is connecting with you and creating a customized makeup and hair look that makes you feel like only you matter. Our mobile hair and Kansas City makeup artists specialize in a natural glam that enhances your natural beauty. We love to see our clients instant confidence and boldness shine through.

Graceful Beauty did a fantastic job! From working with my crazy schedule, to driving to the venue, they made it very easy. My bridesmaids and I had a great time getting ready together, and we all looked so good by the end. Highly recommend!
Shannon L., 2 years ago
Quick responder
Lucky Lochs 
Rating: 5.0 (4 reviews)
  • Beauty professional
  • Starts at $250
  • Serves Mission, KS

With a passion for creating stunning bridal looks, Becca specializes in elegant hairstyles that perfectly complement each bride’s unique vision. With years of experience in the industry, she combines artistry with technical expertise to craft beautiful, timeless styles. Becca believes that every bride deserves to feel confident and radiant on her special day. Whether it’s a classic updo or romantic waves, she works closely with each client to bring their dream hairstyle to life, ensuring they feel as beautiful as they look.

I am so grateful to have had Rebecca do my hair for my wedding!! Due to wedding planning madness, I wasn’t able to come in for a test run of hair before the wedding. I gave Rebecca a vague idea of what I wanted and trusted her with the rest. I absolutely loved the result and could not imagine having anything different. She was such a calming presence in the midst of a hectic day and did my bridesmaid’s hair as well. I could not recommend her enough!!
Mara K., a year ago
GemHidden gem
Spencer Studios 
Rating: 5.0 (4 reviews)
  • Photographer
  • Classic style
  • Starts at $3,400
  • Serves Mission, KS

I love capturing people in their very human moments. Images that really resonate with me are those which capture the essence of a person, a relationship, or just raw emotion. I search to photograph moments in which people reveal who they really are. This drive affects everything I do. Weddings are a breeding ground for these types of moments and emotions. Honest love, friendship, and joy. This is why I have chosen to specialize in this type of photography, because it speaks to me in a way than nothing else does.

Awarded Best of Zola
Meghan at Spencer Studios was so much more than a photographer for us. She immediately recognized that we were struggling with our planners, especially day of, and stepped up. She went above and beyond in every single aspect. I truly believe she saved our day. Meghan fit so seamlessly into every aspect of our wedding day. She wasn't just our photographer, she was our voice and most importantly our friend who made sure everything went perfectly. She made sure that we took time to be thoughtful of each other and say the things we were thinking aloud to one another. Those are things you can't capture in a photograph, but she made sure we had them anyway. Our photos are absolutely gorgeous and she captured every single moment thanks to her very detailed questionnaire and timeline. Her eye for detail and beauty shines in every photo (all 2,400 of them). She told us that she loves to shoot weddings because the photos aren't just for us, they are for generations to come. That has been so true as we spend each anniversary with her artwork and have decorated our home with her little touches.
Lev & K., 5 years ago
Little Shawnee Chapel 
Rating: 5.0 (4 reviews)
Shawnee, KS
  • Venue
  • Up to 45 guests
  • Select services
  • Indoor
  • Starts at $248

Little Shawnee Chapel is Shawnee couples' one-stop-shop for some of the most beautiful little celebrations in town. Our intimate chapel and large reception space offer everything you need to create your perfect event at just the right price.

Why you'll love this venue

  • Multiple event spaces
  • Offers full flexibility in setup and decor
  • Exudes old-world charm

Venue considerations

  • No on-premises lodging options
  • Does not have a dance floor
  • Not wheelchair accessible
I had the honor of serving as my niece’s wedding coordinator for her wedding at the Little Shawnee Chapel, and it was an amazing experience. I’ve worked with many venues, and this one was by far the best. Anna was wonderful to work with—always available to answer questions and incredibly prompt with her responses. If you choose to have your reception at the clubhouse next door, the staff there are just as fantastic: kind, helpful, and truly invested in making your day special. Overall, this venue was a 10/10 experience, and I would highly recommend it to anyone looking to host a small, intimate wedding.
Rachael H., 2 months ago
Quick responder
Captured KC 
Rating: 5.0 (4 reviews)
  • Photographer
  • Classic style
  • Serves Mission, KS

Captured KC is a Kansas City based business offering modern photo booth rentals and professional photography services for events of all sizes. We specialize in creating fun, high-quality experiences with studio-style lighting, custom templates, and personalized setups. From birthdays and weddings to corporate events and community celebrations, Captured KC is dedicated to capturing genuine moments, lasting memories, and images your guests will love to share and keep.

Me and my husband celebrated our 35th wedding anniversary this past July. Captured KC, 1st, took the most beautiful pictures of our family. They were patient and kind. We enjoyed the time spent and our photos even more. So much that we rehired them to capture our celebration (party) with all our loved ones and friends. We mostly enjoyed the 360 photo booth. Their professionalism is unmatched. Thank You, Captured KC, for making such an important memory CONTINUE to come alive! The Williams Family
Swanetta W., 3 months ago
TrendlineTrending
The Raines Collective 
Rating: 5.0 (3 reviews)
  • Planner
  • Offers 6 services
  • Starts at $2,000
  • Serves Mission, KS

Experience the art of flawless execution with Morgan Raines, a distinguished wedding and event planner with a passion for creating timeless, elevated celebrations. With roots in the wedding industry dating back to 2018, Morgan has worn many hats behind the scenes—each one deepening her love for the craft and inevitably drawing her back to where she feels most at home. Planning events isn’t just what she does; it’s what she’s always been called to do.

Working with The Raines Collective was a game-changer for our wedding day. Morgan's responsiveness and professionalism made the entire planning process feel seamless—she stayed on top of every detail and kept us informed at every step. What really stood out was her commitment to understanding our vision and executing it with precision; nothing was overlooked and everything came together exactly on schedule. She genuinely cares about getting things right and it showed in how meticulously she handled every aspect of our event. I'd recommend Morgan and The Raines Collective to any couple looking for a planner who takes their job seriously and goes the extra mile.
Vanessa C., 11 days ago
Quick responder
The Flower Fairies 
Rating: 5.0 (3 reviews)
  • Florist
  • Starts at $3,000
  • Serves Mission, KS

The Flower Fairies is a family-owned floral design studio specializing in weddings, events, and celebrations where nature’s beauty takes center stage. Founded by sisters-in-law Heidi and Jodi, and later joined by Jade, the business officially launched in 2023 after years of creative collaboration. With over 20 years of combined experience, they bring artistry, expertise, and a deep love for flowers to every design—transforming life’s most special moments into magical occasions with custom bouquets, centerpieces, and one-of-a-kind floral installations.

Awarded Best of Zola
We had the pleasure of working with Heidi and Jodi, and they exceeded all expectations! Our wedding theme was travel, and they seamlessly incorporated it into the florals and décor, making everything feel cohesive and beautiful. They created stunning centerpieces, bar arrangements, welcome table florals, high-top mini arrangements, and dessert and cake florals. Beyond just the flowers, they designed the overall look with thoughtful added décor, bringing our vision to life. Their attention to detail and artistry made our wedding truly magical. Highly recommend!
Aaron, 8 months ago
Quick responder
The Wandering Cantina 
Rating: 5.0 (3 reviews)
  • Bar services & beverages
  • Starts at $350
  • Serves Mission, KS

We'll partner with you to design a custom drink menu tailored to your style and event vibe. From signature cocktails to fun, personalized names, we'll help create something unique and perfectly suited for your celebration.

We had a Mexican theme birthday party for my mom. We hired Wandering Cantina to take care of the set up, decoration, and drinks. They were awesome. They were very professional and made everything easy for us. Our guests were so happy with the selections of cocktails, mock cocktails, tequila drinks and wine besides other non alcoholics options. The bartender was very nice and a good listener. We recommend them. We plan to hire them again.
Susanne, 9 months ago

Mission, KS reception venues by style

Outdoor spaces
Outdoor spaces